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참여기관/DMZ다큐멘터리영화제DMZ사무국갤러리위갤러리퍼플경기관광공사경기국악원경기도 문화유산과경기도문화원연합회경기도미술관경기도박물관경기도어린이박물관경기도자원봉사센터경기문화나눔센터경기문화예술교육지원센터경기문화재단경기문화재연구원경기북부어린이박물관경기상상캠퍼스경기상상캠퍼스그루버경기아트센터경기안성뮤직플랫폼경기창작캠퍼스경기천년경기콘텐츠진흥원경기현대음악협회경희대학교고양문화재단고양시해움새들광명문화재단광명시청년동광주시문화재단국립농업박물관군포문화예술회관군포문화재단군포시평생학습원극단날으는자동차나폴레옹갤러리단원미술관두루뫼사료관디마갤러리만해기념관맥아트미술관미리내마술극단미메시스아트뮤지엄백남준아트센터부천문화재단부천아트센터서해랑서호미술관설미재미술관성남문화재단세계민속악기박물관소다미술관수원광교박물관수원문화재단수원시립미술관수원시립합창단시서화시흥시청시흥에코센터실학박물관아트경기아트센터화이트블럭아트스페이스어비움안산문화예술의전당안양문화예술재단양주시립민복진미술관양주시립장욱진미술관양평문화재단엄미술관여주박물관영은미술관영집궁시박물관옆집예술용인시청유리섬미술관의정부문화재단이풀실내정원전곡선사박물관파주문화재단평택시문화재단포천문화재단포천아트밸리풀짚공예하남문화재단한국도자재단한국등잔박물관한국카메라박물관해움미술관현대어린이책미술관MOKA혜정박물관화성시문화재단

경기역사문화유산원

5. Southern Capital Route of Goryeo and the Hyeeumwon Guesthouse


The primary means of transportation used by the state during the Goryeo period (918-1392) included the roads called Yeokdo (or Yeongno, literally meaning "station route") whose main function was linking post stations. According to The History of Goryeo (Goryeosa, 1451), the dynasty operated a total of twenty-two station routes connecting 525 stations throughout the country. The stations were originally established to ensure convenience for the officials traveling to carry out their official duties and effective transmission of government orders. These government-operated stations were used, almost exclusively, by high-ranking officials and Buddhist leaders. Low-ranking officials didn't tend to use them much even when they were traveling on public duties. There were other facilities provided for the junior officials traveling along the station routes. Called Won, meaning "guesthouse", these facilities were originally established by local Buddhist communities as part of their effort to provide humanitarian aid for citizens who needed help, such as those suffering from extreme poverty, ill wayfarers and travelers. Though rare, some of these "guesthouses" were established through strong support from the government of Goryeo.

It was during the mid-Goryeo period that the dynasty built one of its secondary capitals, Namgyeong ("Southern Capital") in present-day Seoul, and developed it into a major junction linking the principal capital, Gaegyeong (present-day Gaeseong), with the southern provinces. In the earlier period, government messengers dispatched from the capital to the south took the route linking Jangdan, Jeokseong and Yangju. The development of Namgyeong during the mid-Goryeo period, however, led government travelers to prefer the route connecting the capital with Paju and Goyang. The development of the new route also resulted in a gradual increase of travelers between the two major Goryeo cities.

What lacked for the travelers using the Southern Capital Route (Namgyeonggil) was a facility which would provide a safe haven for shelter and food. The area around Hyeeungnyeong Pass was unsafe for the travelers using the route because of its remoteness and the frequent appearance of violent bandits. The government of Goryeo felt it necessary to build a facility in the area to ensure safety and convenience for the travelers by removing the threat from the outlaws.

A view to the Hyeeumwon Guesthouse site /Courtesy of the city administration of Paju

In 1120, King Yejong (r. 1105-1122) issued an order to one of his closest aides, Yi So-cheon, to build a guesthouse at Hyeeumnyeong Pass in present-day Yongmi-ri, Paju-si. The king's order was promptly carried out, which resulted in the construction of the guesthouse, named Hyeeumwon, two years later thanks to the help of the local Buddhist community led by two monks, Eungje and Mincheong. The project, however, needed to be extended because the king wanted his own lodge to stay when he visited the area.

When the construction of the guesthouse, Hyeeumwon, finally came to a finish with furnishments provided by the royal family, it consisted of a royal villa (haenggung), Buddhist temple and the travelers' guesthouse. The political turbulence of the Goryeo dynasty following the enthronement of King Injong (r. 1122-1146), the revolts of Yi Ja-gyeom (1126) and Myocheong (1135) in particular, mired the operation of the guesthouse into a period of great difficulty. Historians believe that it was after 1140 that the guesthouse began to overcome the tough times as the support from the royal family resumed thanks to the active involvement by King Injong's consort, Empress Dowager Gongye (1109-1183). The recommenced patronage of the Goryeo court helped Hyeeumwon repair its facilities and regain the vitality of earlier times. It was probably during this period that Kim Bu-sik (1075-1151), the compiler of The History of the Three Kingdoms (Samguksagi), wrote the "Restoration of Hyeeumsa Temple" (Hyeeumsa sinchanggi) to mark the revival of the guesthouse.

Roof-end tile with the "Hyeeumwon (惠陰院)" inscription excavated at the Hyeeumwon site /

Courtesy of the Cultural Heritage Administration

Despite the record of the guesthouse in old texts, little is known about its exact location. It was in 1999 that the location revealed itself with the discovery of a ceramic roof-end tile inscribed with the name of the institution. A step-by-step excavation project took place at the site from 2001 to 2015, resulting in the discovery of the institution's entire layout and historical background.

Remains of a Goryeo building discovered at the Hyeeumwon site/

Courtesy of the Cultural Heritage Administration

The excavation of the site revealed that the guesthouse was built on an area of 23,930㎡, containing eleven building sites erected on the ground prepared by cutting into a mountain ridge in the form of steps. It also showed that the guesthouse was enclosed by walls covered with tile roofs and contained a total of thirty-seven buildings.

The layout of the Hyeeumwon site shows a typical example of the architectural characteristics of the Goryeo palace. The arrangement and layout of the buildings as well as the artifacts unearthed at the site resemble those of Manwoldae, the royal palace of Goryeo located in Gaeseong. Notably, it contained artificial ponds and channels arranged between buildings and were designed to make use of water drawn from a nearby valley, creating the landscape in which the entire guesthouse was floating on water.  /  ◎ Seo Yeong-il(Director, Hanbaek Research Institute for Cultural Heritage)


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